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This work defined a correctly recognized section-heading chunk (a true positive case) as a case in which the text span of the recognized section heading completely matches that of the manually annotated heading.
Our sentence-based method followed the idea and developed an additional regular expression pattern to extract section-heading parts from the first line of a recognized section boundary.
Based on this formulation, the narratives between the preceding and subsequent recognized section headings should be annotated with the O tag and considered as the body of the leading section.
Based on the assumption that the narratives following a recognized section heading should belong to this corresponding section, this work modeled the task as a sequential token labeling problem in a given text, which differs from most of the previous works [ 11, 12] that formulated the problem as a sentence-by-sentence classification task.
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Traditionally these infrageneric classifications have relied primarily on morphological and anatomical characters of fruits and ovaries, with each of the ca. 70 recognized sections confined to one continent only (Doorenbos et al.1998), with one known exception (B. afromigrata J.J. de Wilde, sect. Tetraphila; de Wilde et al.2011).2011
Precision and recall were defined as follows: (2) Precision = the number of correctly recognized section-heading chunks the number of recognized section-heading chunks, Recall = the number of correctly recognized section-heading chunks the number of true section-heading chunks, F -measure = 2 × P × R P + R.
Despite poor resolution of Nomocharis within the plastid phylogeny, the genus roughly comprised its traditionally recognized sections, sects.
We sampled most deeply the natural, easily recognized sections Calomystrium and Cardiolonchium from which the Anthurium Hort.
We show that the T. subterraneum-type plastome, i.e. containing large amounts of repetitive DNA, is phylogenetically restricted to a single core clade of the genus (the "refractory clade"), comprising five of the eight recognized sections within Trifolium.
Phylogenetic relationships estimated using maximum likelihood analyses of seven chloroplast DNA loci (aligned length = 11 076 base pairs (bp) and the nuclear ribosomal DNA ITS (internal transcribed spacer) locus (733 bp); indicated no support for the historically recognized sections except for Section Erectae.
Next, we will point out how the Dance-the-Music models (Section 3.2) and automatically recognizes (Section 3.3) performed dance figures using spatiotemporal templates and how the system provides audiovisual feedback of this performance (Section 3.4).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com