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"What is quite new here is that they point at a clear physiological mechanism, a neural system that plays a role in recognizing offspring," says neuroscientist Geert de Vries of the University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
In species in which misidentification is likely, failure of parents to recognize their offspring is prone to entail fitness costs for both, parents (i.e. reduced reproductive success) and offspring (i.e. starvation).
Primates can recognize their offspring by distinctive odors.
Dads who did not attack their sons and who avoided sniffing them were seen as recognizing their offspring.
For example, boobies on the Galápagos Islands (Sula nebouxii) recognize their offspring only by location: within a ring of guano that marks their rudimentary nest.
Mothers can recognize their offspring by a scream alone.
Although we were able to demonstrate that fledgling distance calls show potential for individual recognition, we cannot conclude that distance calls are actually used by parents to recognize their offspring.
Moreover, the principle acoustic features that mother's use to recognize their offspring are still unknown (Bohn et al., 2007).
It may be that early expression in the pups' secretory tissues provides signals by which the female parent recognizes her offspring.
Affected heterozygous offspring (recognized by the presence of tail flexion defects) were intercrossed to generate litters in which embryos were isolated at E13.5.
Although the hosts of these brood parasites will care for the nonrelated offspring when parasitic offspring cannot be recognized, the hosts are more likely to reject the parasitic offspring when parasitism has been recognized.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com