Besides, PD is gradually recognized as a systemic disorder affecting the autonomic nervous system and the enteric nervous system in addition to the central nervous system, [ 1, 2].
Yet PD is recognized as a systemic disease affecting other tissues apart from the nervous system (Hoepken et al, 2008; Beach et al, 2010; Shannon et al, 2012).
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been increasingly recognized as a systemic disease.
It is now more and more recognized as a systemic disorder.
However, as it is recognized as a systemic disease, patients with gastro-esophageal carcinoma should undergo chemotherapy as early as possible.
Today, in addition to lung function impairment, COPD is recognized as a systemic disease with multiple comorbidities, such as osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, renal impairment, and psychological disorders.
However, atherosclerosis is now recognized as a systemic degenerative inflammatory vascular disease that develops over decades, with a long subclinical period.
IgG4-RD was not recognized as a systemic disease until 2003, when extrapancreatic manifestations were identified in patients with autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) [ 2].
IBD has been long ago recognized as a systemic inflammatory entity and as such, it is anticipated to induce changes exceeding the boundaries of bowel mucosa, being reflected in a broader spectrum of tissues, including blood [ 16- 19].
