Direct recognition of PGN seems less likely to play a role in mammalian cells, where PGN is recognized by the intracellular pattern-recognition NOD factors, or in the recognition of Gram-negative bacteria, whose PGN is concealed by the outer membrane, by the Drosophila innate immune system.
In years past, the album, record or song categories typically include what have been considered career-recognition nods to veteran stars such as Carlos Santana, Herbie Hancock, Steely Dan and Eric Clapton.
Following a fittingly dramatic promo video loaded with gratuitous shots of the concept car's curves, Yueting hailed it on his phone using voice recognition, a nod to the company's plan to market the LeSEE as a sort of futuristic, autonomous taxi.
In the case of the partial protection yielded by phagocytosis of heat-killed S. aureus we hypothesize that this is due to the activation of macrophages by staphylococcal products (e.g., lipoteichoic acid or peptidoglycan), sensed by intracellular pattern recognition receptors (NODs) [41].
Of these, the best characterized and most relevant to sterile inflammatory responses is formed by the pattern recognition receptor NOD-like receptor pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) [ 6, 7].
It is widely believed that the host range is mainly determined by specific recognition of bacterial Nod factors by the cognate host receptor(s) [ 5, 21- 26].
Plant recognition of Nodulation (Nod) factors produced by the rhizobial partner activates many of the developmental processes in the plant associated with nodule formation [ 3].
Cormòns is the sort of small, tight-knit place where describing someone as "Ugo with the glasses" is met with nodding recognition.
MSCs express certain pattern recognition receptors, including NOD-like receptors [ 40] and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) [ 41].
Besides the TLR and HLA alleles, in 2009, Morré et al. published an extensive overview of the then known genetic variants influencing susceptibility and severity of Chlamydia infections including SNPs in cytokines and other pathogen recognition receptors like NODs [ 42].
Soon, sightings of this South American alligator would prompt little more than a nod of recognition.
