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All coal mining operations in the United States are subject to state and federal laws governing reclamation performance and bonding requirements.
In addition, public participation can create a social consciousness that can be both for and against mining operations, place strong pressure on the credibility and reputation of mining companies, and supervise or demand reclamation performance.
New permit applications must contain the reclamation performance bond estimate, covering all disturbances and construction anticipated during the first 12 months of the permitted operation (State of Wyoming 2016).
A reclamation performance bond or financial assurance must be large enough to cover the full costs of reclamation to ensure that the regulatory authority will have sufficient funds to reclaim the site if the permittee fails to complete the reclamation plan or hire a third party to complete the reclamation plan in the event of a bankruptcy of the coal mine company.
Some states operate alternative bonding systems, some of which are known as "bond pools," which reduce the cost and capital requirements of bonding; participation in such alternative systems is often limited to mining firms that have compiled a history of satisfactory reclamation performance.
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According to the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act, the performance bond provides a guarantee that funds will be available to the regulatory authority to complete the approved reclamation plan in the event that the mining company fails to do so (Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement 2000a, b).
Generally, reclamation is performed concurrently with mining.
A membrane bioreactor (MBR) and nanofiltration (NF) membrane processes were developed for municipal wastewater reclamation, and their performances, in terms of trace contaminant control and fouling mitigation, were evaluated and designed to meet water quality criteria and minimize flux decline.
The reclamation procedure was performed under strict safety conditions.
Before a mine permit is issued, the mine operator must submit a reclamation bond to secure the performance of reclamation obligations (Bonogofsky et al. 2015).
Before a mine permit is issued, the mine operator must submit a reclamation bond to secure the performance of reclamation obligations that is later revised annually.
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