Rawls argues at length in chapter 8 of Theory, §§70 75, that justice as fairness accords with the reciprocity principles of moral psychology that are characteristic of human beings' moral development.
It argues, of some common reciprocity principles, that they must be rejected.
Yet their reciprocity principles differ, with many authors apparently unaware of alternative versions.
This article is the first to gather the range of reciprocity principles.
9 This article supplies the missing characterization, comparison and critique of reciprocity principles.
The reciprocity principles in the PTA literature, shown in Table 1, are a good starting point for exploring who (if anyone) must reciprocate to whom, and why, and with what, and so for identifying the most plausible reciprocity principles.
The Reciprocity Principle attempts to generalize over the different published reciprocity principles; different substitutions of the variables correspond to making different substantive assumptions and result in different reciprocity principles.
There is a striking variety of reciprocity principles in the PTA literature, literature discussing whether research participants should have post-trial access (PTA) to the trial drug.
Despite the many appeals to reciprocity, the discussions of the formulation or persuasiveness of reciprocity principles are few; they are also extremely brief, 8 with two exceptions, one devoted to an application of a specific reciprocity principle.
Moreover, empirical evidence demonstrates that employee-organization dynamics are more complex than has been acknowledged previously [ 15] and that professional employees like physicians do not adhere to reciprocity principles in a straightforward fashion as originally conceived to be [ 16].
While most authors in the PTA literature who invoked reciprocity thought it supported PTA to the trial drug for participants, a few objected to reciprocity-based arguments for PTA. 10 A good starting-point to identifying and evaluating various reciprocity principles is to determine whether the objections succeed against all such principles.
