In both of these datasets, five genes (MAP4K4, SERPINE1, ALDOA, HNF4A and ZNF3) were expressed at higher levels in lung from patients with moderate or severe emphysema compared with lung from normal subjects or subjects with mild emphysema, whereas expression of miR-34c was reciprocal, consistent with the possibility that these five genes may be regulated by miR-34c in emphysema.
The presence of an intact copy of chromosome XIV in the GCR containing strain indicates that the second translocation was non-reciprocal consistent with the second rearrangement occurring by a Ty element mediated BIR event [43], although other mechanisms are possible [44], [45].
Consistent with the unit CPG framework, the model that we consider includes separate hip extensor and hip flexor interneuron pairs (EP and IP, ER and IR); although each individual population is tonically active in the absence of inputs, each pair can generate bursts through a mechanism of escape from reciprocal inhibition, consistent with previous related work [5].
Whanaungatanga (kinship ties) underpins the social organisation of whaanau (family), hapuu (sub tribe) and iwi (tribe) and includes rights and reciprocal obligations consistent with being part of a collective.
All four pairs showed significantly reciprocal expression patterns, consistent with the observation that miRNAs in mammalian predominantly function to decrease target gene levels [ 48].
Neither of these patterns, where regions of transmission ratio distortion are corellated across both reciprocal maps, are consistent with the expected effects from inbreeding depression.
Together this is consistent with reciprocal crossover changes in juxtaposed heterozygous and homozygous regions being driven by crossover interference.
Blood pressure in offspring of reciprocal F2 intercrosses was consistent with the presence of a locus on ChrY, suggesting that hypertension is mediated by ChrY.
Earlier-born neurons in C. elegans acquired higher out-degree, longer axon lengths and higher reciprocal connectivity, which were consistent with the model predictions.
As expected if allelic coalescence has occurred more recently than the split between the two species, the maximum likelihood genealogy for Co is consistent with reciprocal monophyly for H. melpomene and H. cydno, with 2.5 3.0% net divergence between species compared to < 1.3% uncorrected divergence within populations, and 0.4% net divergence between H. melpomene races (Table 2).
Mitochondrial and Tpi genealogies are consistent with reciprocal monophyly, whereas sympatric populations of the species in Panama share identical or similar Mpi and Ci haplotypes, giving rise to genealogical polyphyly at the species level despite evidence for rapid sequence divergence at these genes between geographic races of H. melpomene.
