The long evolutionary distances between many donors and recipients and the presence of multiple insertions with circular permutations in some cases (Borneman et al. 2011; Galeote et al. 2011) suggest a mechanism of transfer ignoring regular hybridizations, such as the transient formation of interspecies heterokaryons (Morales and Dujon 2012).
However, both donor and recipient require the presence of the RBL domain, as the ΔTM2-7 construct does not complement the ΔRBL mutant that contains a wild-type GPS and 7TM.
Two possible proximate factors influencing altruism in chimpanzees have been highlighted: recipient's request and the presence of food [14] [15; for review see 19].
The maintenance of the recipients' body weights and the presence of circulating human insulin, which correlated inversely with blood glucose level, indicate, however, that the cryopreserved islets maintained some function in vivo.
The selection of a recipient vessel, the presence of appropriate anastomosis segments, and vessel perfusion are the most important factors affecting the success of free flaps in diabetic patients [ 21].
This is achieved by cytoduction, which involves mating donor and recipient yeast in the presence of a kar1 mutation that inhibits efficient nuclear fusion.
But if these cells fuse with stem cells already in the recipient, then the presence of donor genes in various organs is not due to some remarkable transformation of the transplanted stem cells, but rather because they handed over their genetic cargo to the embryonic cells, which then did all the work.
Authors' response: Again, we would like to give a two-part answer: First, if a gene acquired through HGT is inherited through vertical descent by all descendants of the recipient, then the presence of the transferred gene is indeed a synapomorphy in the cladistic sense [ 68, 69].
Plasmid DNA was isolated from each recipient strain carrying plasmid R995+SPI-19 and the presence of the SPI-19 region was confirmed by visualization of supercoiled plasmid DNA in agarose gel, and by PCR analyses with primers used for tiling-PCR of SPI-19 and primers 5trfA and 3trfA, which amplify an internal region of plasmid R995 (Table 2).
Ampicillin-resistant R2117 donor strain transformants with moss cDNA clones were pooled, treated with IPTG to induce transposase activity, and cocultivated with R1037 recipient cells in the presence of IPTG.
