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Activation of either of these systems depends on the receptors' ability to detect PAMPs, such as the bacterial cell wall component peptidoglycan (PGN) [ 138].
In vitro overexpression and knockout experiments demonstrated the receptors' ability to ligand-dependently activate AMP kinase and PPAR-α, and to stimulate fatty acid oxidation and glucose uptake in murine hepatocytes and C2C12 myocytes [ 22].
The different Ig isotypes vary in terms of their properties (their half-life, affinity for Fc receptors, ability to activate the complement system, and so on) and tissue location (IgA is secreted by mucosal membranes, for example).
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Moreover, the structural analysis of [1b]+ reveals the receptor ability of benzo-15-crown-5 towards alkali metal ion in solid state.
This may have important functional consequences, influencing receptor ability to bind pathogens [ 14, 36, 39], and may even lead to the evolution of species-specific ligand recognition [ 40, 41].
The boronic acid unit has specific receptor abilities suitable for MIP technology.
With the evidence of differential activation of HER family receptors, the ability to activate each receptor for each ligand was examined in the presence of cetuximab (Figure 3A).
Because of the growing number of known LPAR receptors, the ability to discriminate functions of individual receptors can be complicated by potential off-target effects of inhibitors and agonists.
To evaluate whether the toxic effect was mediated via the NMDA receptor, the ability of an NMDA receptor antagonist to alleviate GA-induced neurotoxicity was tested.
Estrogen receptor-binding ability was examined using an estrogen receptor (ER) competitive binding assay kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) according to the manufacturer's instructions.
The κ opioid receptor binding ability of these compounds were evaluated with opioid receptors binding assays.
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