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He H, Levitzki A, Zhu HJ, Walker F, Burgess A, Maruta H. Platelet-derived growth factor requires epidermal growth factor receptor to activate p21-activated kinase family kinases.
Angiotensin II appears to be an important mediator of oxidative stress in AF by acting via the AT1 receptor to activate mitogen-activated protein kinases and stimulate proliferation of fibroblasts, cellular hypertrophy, and apoptosis as well as inducing calcium release and PKC activation, which in turn promotes activation of NOX2 and NOX1 NADPH-oxidases.
Insulin signaling is initiated by the binding of insulin to the insulin receptor to activate IRS-1, which subsequently activates PI3K; the activation of PI3K results in the recruitment of GLUT4 to the cell surface [ 17].
TRIM24 binds chromatin and oestrogen receptor to activate oestrogen-dependent genes associated with cellular proliferation and tumour development.
Ghrelin requires a unique posttranslational modification, octanoylation of a serine side chain, to bind its cognate receptor to activate signaling.
The produced ethylene in plant tissues is combined with ETR (Ethylene receptor) to activate constitutive triple response (CTR), and then induce expression of a set of ethylene insensitive (EIN) and Ethylene insensitive-like (EIL).
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The extrinsic pathway is initiated by ligation of transmembrane receptors to activate membrane proximal "activator" caspases, which in turn cleave and activate downstream "effector" caspases.
On the basis of these and previous findings, we summarize the two mechanisms used by neurotrophins/Trk receptors to activate the Rac1-specific GEF activator, Tiam1.
Interleukin-8 (IL-8), a chemokine also known as CXCL8, interacts with the CXCR1 and CXCR2 receptors to activate PI3K and Akt pathways, and induce AP-1 activation.
PMA does not require receptors to activate NADPH oxidase, instead inducing superoxide production directly by protein kinase C activation [ 36].
PGF2 and TXA2/B2 may then interact with specific G-protein linked cell receptors, to activate PI-PLC and PC-PLC, resultinG-protein linkedf more DAG than IP3.
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