The Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, 4th Edition (PPVT-4; [ 145]) will be used to assess receptive vocabulary (comprehension).
All other participants were administered the Test for Reception of Grammar Electronic (Bishop, 2005), an assessment of syntactic comprehension (receptive language), and the memory for sentences subtest of the NEPSY (Korkman et al., 1998), which requires participants to repeat sentences of increasing complexity (expressive language).
Language falls into two categories: comprehension (receptive) and production (expressive).
Established standardized tests were used to assess two aspects of language skills: receptive vocabulary and comprehension of sentences.
Trained research assistants visited the home to administer the Preschool Language Scale (PLS-4), 29 a widely used measure that yields norm referenced scores for auditory comprehension (receptive communication) and expressive communication (our primary outcome).
For instance, in a study of 147 fourth- to sixth-grade children (9 12 years old), Echols, West, Stanovich, and Zehr (1996) found associations of print exposure with reading comprehension, receptive and sight vocabulary, and general knowledge 2 years later, controlling for initial scores in these domains (see also Cain & Oakhill, 2011; Cunningham & Stanovich, 1991).
Intervention effects on receptive vocabulary and oral comprehension for native speakers were found only for the third cohort and were not found for expressive vocabulary.
15 The TROG-E is a test of receptive language that assesses comprehension of grammatical contrasts marked by inflections, function words and word order.
Results: The HAZ(1) was inversely associated with overage for grade and positively associated with mathematics achievement, reading comprehension, and receptive vocabulary.
They found that a test battery probing spelling, speaking rate, sentence comprehension and receptive vocabulary abilities successfully placed the 70 people in their study into the appropriate diagnostic category with an error rate of 3%.
