Nitrate load is calculated as base flow multiplied by the average of nitrate concentration at the receiving watershed outlet.
As a large receiving basin, the Gulf of Mexico receives extensive drainages from five countries (U.S., Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, and Cuba), including over two-thirds of the U.S. watershed.
A few miles west, the creek receives Salt Creek and Lick Creek on the right bank, which have watersheds of 17 and, respectively.
Drowned-river mouth embayments receive high watershed inputs, have short water residence times, and have a surface water connection with Lake Ontario [ 17].
Improved soil, water and crop management interventions in Garhkundar-Dabar (GKD) watershed of Bundelkhand region in India enhanced ET to 64% as compared to 58% in untreated (control) watershed receiving 815 mm annual average rainfall.
Perennial streams, rivers, and canals accumulate within each watershed, receiving a value of 0.5 for each contribution.
In order to assess the retention of eroded C in these settings, SOC stock was measured in grass buffers receiving runoff from cropped watersheds under long-term (> 20 y): chisel-till (CT) corn (Zea mays, L .-soybean [GL .-soybean (L). Merr.] rotation, moldboard plowing (MP) continuous corn (CC), and no-till (NT) CC.
Several recent studies (Chapman et al. 2000; Goodfellow et al. 2009; Pond et al. 2008; Timpano et al. 2010) have addressed the issue of TDS as a major stressor upon receiving streams in mined watersheds and are discussed in more detail later in this paper.
Biweekly stream sampling in a headwater forest stream and a watershed outlet receiving agricultural runoff showed that concentrations of SS and POC were higher in the watershed outlet.
Two challenges in modeling these relationships are selecting the appropriate spatial scale of watersheds for the receiving stream segment, and handling the network or pass-through issues of connected watersheds.
The study was conducted in Iowa (USA), and consisted of a fully balanced, replicated, incomplete block design whereby 12 zero-order ephemeral flow watersheds received four treatments consisting of varying proportions (0%, 10%, and 20%) of prairie vegetation located in different watershed positions (footslope vs. contour strips).
