To cut costs, universities were hiring fewer tenured professors and shifting teaching duties to graduate students, who received stipends that barely covered living expenses.
Then, as now, education was provided tuition-free to students, and those selected for higher education received stipends from the republic's budget.
As prebendaries, they received stipends from cathedral income; depending on the location and wealth of the cathedral, this could amount to substantial annual income.
FM, CR and VB received stipends from GSK for data analysis (FM) or for coordination of the study (CR and VB).
Just over half (10 of 18) of the participants received stipends of ZAR500 or ZAR1000 (US$500 or US$1000) per month, with the rest considered unpaid volunteers.
In most programs, partner teachers also received stipends, although at least one university reported that this was the one funding need for which they had not identified a source.
They also receive stipends for their participation.
Did they receive stipends for adopting disabled children?
All 20,000 athletes under the organization's umbrella also receive stipends of approximately $1,560 per year.
The men were receiving stipends, although officials said it was not exactly clear what kind.
