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In turn, the Katz centrality has two variations, Katz broadcast centrality and Katz receive centrality.
In the case of a directed network graph, there are two centrality measures, which are Katz broadcast centrality and Katz receive centrality.
Katz receive centrality of a node i is calculated as: begin{aligned} Katz_{i}^{r} = beta (I - alpha A^{T})^{-1}cdot mathbf 1 end{aligned} (11 Clearly from the Eqs.
Similarly, the Katz receive centrality of node I can be obtained as (K_{i}^{r} left( alpha right) = left[ {left( {I - alpha A^{T} } right)^{ - 1}.1} right]_{i}).
For the Katz broadcast centrality, the score for node i can be obtained by computing (left[ {beta left( {{text{I}} - alpha {text{A}}} right)^{ - 1}.{mathbf{v}}} right]_{text{i}}); for the Katz receive centrality, the score for node i can be obtained by computing ({[beta {({text{I}} - alpha {{text{A}}^{text{T}}})^{ - 1}}.{bf{v}}]_{text{i}}}).
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Katz broadcast and receive centralities of node i can be calculated using ({text{C}}_{text{Katz}}^{text{b}} = left[beta left( {text{I}} - alpha {text{A}} right)^{- 1}.{mathbf{1}}right]_{text{i}} {text{ and C}}_{text{Katz}}^{text{r}} = left[beta left( {text{I}} - alpha {text{A}}^{text{T}} right)^{ - 1}.{mathbf{1}}right]_{text{I}}).
Thus, individuals who mediate communication more (betweenness centrality) and those who communicate more with individuals having high centrality levels (eigenvector centrality) receive longer sentences.
However, eigenvector centrality for directed networks, such as the input output network, has problems for computing the centrality of nodes in and outside strongly connected components.8 Nodes connected to nodes with zero centrality will receive scores of zero (Newman 2010).
In this sense, participants with higher eigenvector centrality should receive more sever sentencing because of their proximity to well-connected individuals in the network who, as hypothesized above, are themselves more likely to receive harsher punishment.
In particular, when measuring the receiving capacity, the centrality of nodes that are never referred to is exactly this minimum positive amount.
However, nodes that receive few links still may have high centrality if their neighboring nodes have a large centrality.
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