Each time, the city rebuilt, using more concrete to buttress itself against the wind.
"It's being totally rebuilt using, intellectually, a lot of thinking that went into Windows," he said.
Mr. Chiate rebuilt using the new materials and even had to include stronger walls, without windows.
One had been rebuilt using a washed-up fishing net, and this was the closest to usable.
Subsequently, the eastern half of the site was rebuilt, using some of the existing college buildings, to become East Orange High School.
It was buried during later construction, but was excavated and rebuilt using 80percentto85percentcent of the original stone.
Gone are the days when Chechens were prohibited from speaking their own language: Islam is now flourishing and the capital, Grozny, has been rapidly rebuilt using Russian aid.
A Baroque church, the Frauenkirche, which was left in ruins for half a century, is now finally being rebuilt using much of the original material.
Bombed to pieces, its colourful buildings were rebuilt using many of the original bricks, and it's now a Unesco World Heritage Site.
These will be used mainly by local people to create a digital record of the antiquities, enabling them to be rebuilt using 3D printers if they are destroyed.
Sometimes destroyed or failing bridges are rebuilt using original methods, resulting in fine replicas, he said, but they are not historic structures.
