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The researchers provide examples of these factors such as reasoning level, religious perspective, views of science and the nature of science, thinking dispositions, and epistemological beliefs.
In order to ensure soundness within a reasoning level, we use techniques developed in the context of matrix characterisation relying on the notion of indexed formulas.
The discussions in the 0/1 quality of reasoning level were distributed over 15 of the 34 clicker questions.
This difference can be accounted for by the fact that Instructor 1-AL's students were non biology majors and started at a lower reasoning level.
However, students relatively infrequently exchanged reasoning with fully articulated warrants Exchange of Quality Reasoning level 3 claims logically connected to evidence (Table 4).
Most of the 83 discussions were categorized into the two highest-quality reasoning levels, both of which involve exchanges of reasoning (level 3: 54%; level 2: 24%).
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To this end we present a framework to explicitly support different reasoning levels.
For high reasoning levels the cognitive adequacy of representation and reasoning techniques is a major issue, while for lower reasoning levels the adequacy wrt. the modelled domain is important.
To structure reasoning levels the framework allows for an explicit representation of abstractions and proof-search refinement techniques.
Hardy et al. (2010) argued that conceptual understanding and level of reasoning are intertwined in classroom discourse, and they effectively analyzed these two dimensions separately with four reasoning levels of claim justification and three levels of conceptual understanding.
Furthermore, we introduce a uniform concept for contextual reasoning, and sketch basic tacticals for the definition of tactics to organise the overall proof-search inside and across different reasoning levels.
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