We feel such arguments often lead to circular reasoning based on one's expectation of what primitive cellular life should look like.
If one uses the same reasoning based on gender stereotypes, this evidence appears to be inconsistent with the supermale hypothesis.
Diagnostic reasoning based on deep knowledge is called model-based diagnostics.
They touch on philosophical issues, such as discriminating the same and different, but there is no reason to expect them to demonstrate cogent reasoning based on a coherent semantic or logical theory.
For example, one external system may perform complex reasoning based on prerequisite relationships, whereas another system may use simpler weighted algorithms, and yet another may produce simple scores.
Reasoning based on such sense-experience is for the same reason useless.
We need to examine much more carefully both the apparently obvious premises and the reasoning based on them.
He also devised a universal method of deductive reasoning, based on mathematics, that is applicable to all the sciences.
Thus, there can be mistakes in reasoning based on a confusion between a de dicto reading and a de re reading.
However, indirect reasoning, based on careful observations of the nature of light and the motion of massive bodies, led to the realization that the Newtonian gravity theory would have to be revised.
In order to test the possibility of a universal morality, Kohlberg devised a theory for the development of moral reasoning based on stages that could be observed, or at least imagined, in humans.
