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Retrospective evaluation of the realized responses to selection for the two breeding programs.
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Similarly in the last rounds of the European Social Survey (ESS) Germany realized response rates of 33% on average (European Social Survey 2012, 2014).
The average realized response to selection per generation was 13.6% (range 9.0 to 20.1%), resulting in an accumulated response over five generations of 88% relative to the base population.
Estimates of the within generation realized response to selection across farming environments were obtained as the difference between the least squares mean performance of offspring of selected parents and of offspring of parents with average values of the selection index.
First, because sequence-level divergence (d N/d S) measures the realized response to selection, genes with large epistatic effects may display constrained divergence because they do not produce sufficient expression variation for selection to act on.
As shown in this paper, an important difference in the realized response to selection from radial network architectures compared with selection responses from individual loci per se is the dependence on the initial allelic frequencies at other loci to achieve the full genetic potential for phenotypic change.
This paper reports a substantial range in the accuracy of genomic prediction and realized selection responses for ordinal culling traits in apple.
In this section, for optimizing the behavior of the proposed algorithm, appropriate tuning of the parameters has been realized using response surface methodology (RS M.
The CRC realized a response rate of 72% (N = 1610).
The phenotypic mean of crossbreds was computed for each generation of selection (AB1 to AB5) to evaluate the realized cumulative response to selection.
This indicated that standing genetic variation at many loci present in the founder population made a significant contribution to the realized selection response in these lines.
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