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was the only variant that showed comparable identification and realization rates.
Even for teenagers, the [z]/[dz] realization rates still maintain above 20%.
Chen's 陳雅玲 (2010, 2012) realization rates were indicated by ranges instead of averages because multiple locations were sampled.
Table 8 shows the realization rates of [Z], [G], and [L] in previous research and the current study.
For syllables such as jī and ji̍p, the [L] realization rates were largely reduced (Table 2 and Fig. 8).
The last row is the actual realization rates of young speakers from Ang 洪惟仁 (2003, 2012).
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The realization rate for [z]/[dz] hovers around 10% only and that for is virtually nonexistent.
However, the [L] realization rate for jiû in this study was in fact fairly comparable to that of rounded environments.
Furthermore, this article uses realization rate of target gamut and gamut efficiency to evaluate the laser TV's display performance.
The realization rate of target gamut gives an indication that how fully the equipment gamut covers the target gamut.
As in the Chôan dialect, the realization rate of [l] is in general negatively correlated with speaker age, while that of [z]/[dz] is positively correlated.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com