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However, because almost all patients who were registered from the participating hospitals to the all-cases post-marketing surveillance programs for each biological DMARD were enrolled in the REAL, selection bias was substantially low.
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However, some of this effect may be more apparent than real – simply reflecting selection bias.
The simulations may also differ from data sets obtained in the field in that sampling was random and the very real problem of selection bias in the collection of isolates was not addressed.
Still, in case of a selection bias the real mortality risks of the women selected for PCI, would be underestimated.
Selection bias is real, but the earnings advantage persists.
The higher SSDs in the Netherlands, together with the lower participation rates, may indicate real differences in selection biases of survey participants.
To mirror the selection bias in using real outbreak datasets of a given size, outbreaks were simulated repeatedly until the cumulative number of cases was n or higher.
To demonstrate the effects of sample selection bias on a real genetic dataset, we used the data from (McTavish et al., 2013a, b), who genotyped 1461 individuals belonging to cattle breeds across the world at 47,506 SNPs.
Owing to the real-world design of ACTION, a selection bias based on disease severity or adverse events is plausible.
In addition, the data were extracted from the nationwide registry which was real-life practice data that reduced selection bias.
To address potential selection bias in the real-world setting, patients in both cohorts were matched by propensity score matching (PSM) to balance baseline demographic, clinical, and economic characteristics.
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