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If we go from state l at position k − 1 to state m at position k and read symbol x k and if m ≠ i or y ≠ x k, we do not need to modify the number of counts as we know that state i at position k does not read symbol y, i.e. E i (y, k, m) = E i (y, k − 1, l).
In the following, T i, j (k, m) denotes the number of times the transition from state i to state j is used in a sampled state path that finishes at sequence position k in state m and E i (y, k, m) denotes the number of times state i read symbol y in a sampled state path that finishes at sequence position k in state m.
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"If you do not read symbols, it was an official wall," said Karakina.
By Emily Nussbaum Draper was an immediate hit with audiences: the man who could read symbols but couldn't be read himself.
As cable television's latest bad boy, with all the sex and none of the violence of his predecessors, Draper was an immediate hit with audiences: the man who could read symbols but couldn't be read himself — a mystery wrapped in an enigma wrapped in Jon Hamm.
And a reader needs to not only read symbols but also the patterns during the session.
If some members cannot read, symbols can be used for keeping records.
We know that E i (y, k − 1, l) is the number of times that state i reads symbol y in a Viterbi path ending in state l at sequence position k − 1.
As we know that E i (y, k − 1, l) is the number of times that state i reads symbol y in a Viterbi path ending in state l at sequence position k − 1, we need to add 1 count for reading symbol y = x k by state m = i at the next sequence position k in order to obtain E i (y, k, m).
As we know that E i (y, L, l) is the number of times that state i reads symbol y in a Viterbi path ending in state l at sequence position L, we do not need to modify this number of counts when going to the silent End state at the same sequence position L as silent states do not read any symbols from the input sequence.
In strict analogy to the notation we introduced for Viterbi training, E i q (y, X, Π s (X ) ) denotes the number of times that state i reads symbol y from input sequence X in a sampled state path Π s(X) given the HMM with parameters from the q-th iteration.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com