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Thus, it ensures proper oxygen supply of the reactive area.
The area of the channel cross section (1.06 mm2) and the total effective reactive area of the PEM fuel cell (256 mm2) were maintained constant in all cases.
The physical meaning of the reactive area values of a metal under an organic coating, obtained using the break-point method is discussed.
Detailed analysis of oxygen spillover onto the catalyst surface indicates that the reactive area simply spreads over the surface as needed to support the current, leading to TPB widths of several hundred Angstroms.
However, mounting evidence suggests that certain properties of nanoparticles (e.g., enhanced reactive area, ability to cross cell and tissue barriers, resistance to biodegradation) amplify their cytotoxic potential relative to molecular or bulk counterparts.
Similar to the Cu3Si case, nanostructures of cobalt silicide can form on Si surface, but CoSi2 is not stable as Cu3Si temperatures are above 860°C and ambient pressure is 1 to 20 mbar, and the sublimation of CoSi2 effectively erodes the reactive area to form the pits.
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It was demonstrated that the iron inclusions were responsible for the existence of these reactive areas whereas the bulk material surface was practically unreactive (insulating).
SECM imaging experiments, performed with the application of ferrocenecarboxylic acid as the mediator, revealed distinctly reactive areas at the magnet surface during early stages of its immersion in 0.1 mol dm−3 phosphate buffer (pH = 7).
Inside survey-only and reactive areas, increased numbers of active badger setts and cattle herds within 1500 m of a farm were associated with an increased bTB risk.
The number/density of cattle herds within 500/1000/1500 m of a farm was a significant predictor of herd breakdowns in survey-only and reactive areas.
Reactive badger culling caused an increase in bTB incidence recorded in reactive areas [50], likely as a result of expanded badger movement patterns and increased intraspecific transmission following the cull [31], [33].
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