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Cardiac overloading and unloading have both been shown to reactivate the expression of fetal genes [3], [4].
Numerous studies have demonstrated that treatment of DNA methylation inhibitors such as 5-Aza-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-dC) can robustly reactivate the expression of epigenetically silenced tumor suppressor genes [4].
This could have a significant impact on the response of tumor cells to radiation and chemotherapy, as many tumors reactivate the expression of telomerase [66], and these treatments generate DSBs in mammalian cells [67] [69].
When the N2B27 medium supplemented with small molecules was used at stage 2 to support reprogramming, only rare conversion of piPSCs to human ESC-like iPSCs could be observed, suggesting that the transgene expression during expansion in mTeSR1 was insufficient to reactivate the expression of the endogenous pluripotent genes in most piPSCs.
Indeed, MOF recruits Wdr5 to interact with the Oct4 promoter and to reactivate the expression of endogenous Oct4 [ 97].
Recently, a set of p16 promoter-specific seven-ZFPs (7ZFPs) has been constructed to reactivate the expression of methylation-silenced p16.
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Treatments with the DNMTi DAC reactivated the expression of CXCR1 in the A549 (Figure 5B) cell line and CXCR2 in SKMES-1 (Figure 5B).
The S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor 3-Deazaneplanocin (DZNep) and the histone deacetylase inhibitor LBH589 (Panobinostat), reactivated the expression of genes repressed by H3K27me3, depleted cells from the PRC2 component EZH2 and induced apoptosis in human MM cell lines.
They expressed typical human ESC-specific antigens (SSEA-3, SSEA-4, Tra-1-60 and Tra-1-81), down-regulated thexpressionof of the fibroblast marker CD44 (Fig. S3D), and reactivated the expression of the endogenous pluripotent genes (OCT4, NANOG, SOX2 and LIN28) (Fig. 3D).
Treatment of cancer cell lines with 5-aza-2-deoxycytidine reactivated the expression of NRG1 by 7 to 100 times.
In addition, SB reactivated the expression of E-cadherin and, in part, keratin 8/18 and downregulated ZEB1 gene and protein expression, suggesting a regulatory function of the p38-MAPK pathway regarding EMT status in DU145R80 cells.
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