By the time the cool air arrives, rain usually is reaching the surface.
A reduction in the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface leads to lower surface temperatures.
In a competition, if they pass out before five seconds after reaching the surface their dive doesn't count.
On reaching the surface they cause minute oscillations in the magnetic field (hence their older name, micropulsations).
One of the latter had been able to make a call on his mobile phone before reaching the surface.
The chondrites usually burn up before reaching the surface, or turn to mud or dirt when they come into contact with water.
The ozone layer is vital for the continuation of much of life on earth - its protective effect stops harmful UV-C radiation from reaching the surface.
At higher energies, the primary electrons penetrate so far below the surface before losing energy that the excited electrons have little chance of reaching the surface and escaping.
Upon reaching the surface, hatchlings of aquatic species move to the water; terrestrial ones make their way into leaf litter or dense vegetation to avoid predators.
The presence of both types of aerosols in the air reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface of the Earth, producing a phenomenon called "dimming".
The amount of solar radiation reaching the surface depends on latitude, time of year, time of day, and orientation of the land surface with respect to the Sun.
