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During overloads in variable amplitude fatigue, local stresses at small cracks growing from notches reach yield stress magnitude.
For MEM-1 5 MEM-1 5-1:1, andshown in Figs. 9 and 10, respectively, at the ultiMEM-1 1ate, MEM-1 1dinas barshownmin-span got very large strains up to ultimate strain both in tension and in compression, while longitudinal bars and stirrups at the L/4-section did not reach yield strain, which conFigss that flexural failure occurred while shear failure did not.
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Results demonstrated that the mechanosensitive cell population required a certain minimum ECS flow rate in order to reach yields comparable to the shear-insensitive population.
Local buckling occurs after the stress of the pipe reaches yield strength.
For the beams with shear reinforcing, failure occurred when the stirrups crossing the critical flexure-shear crack reached yield.
Based upon data collected from the strain gauges, none of the longitudinal reinforcement reached yield at failure, as expected, all of the stirrups yielded.
As to the L/4-section, as shown in Fig. 11c, d, at the ultimate state, one longitudinal bar and portion of stirrups reached yield strain.
After reaching yield stress, cork exhibits a region of almost constant stress for increasing strains until densification is reached, allowing it to absorb considerable amounts of energy.
Steel, on the other hand, is linearly elastic up to a certain stress (called the proportional limit) after which it reaches yield point (f y ) where the stress remains almost constant despite changes in strain.
Plastic deformation was calculated by subtracting the initial displacement from displacement present after reaching yield point once the load was removed.
The trans-for-cis micro-photoisomerization reached yields of 48%.
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