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Second reach period If subjects retrieved the "missing" reward, the door was immediately closed and re-opened again for a last 20-s reach period (RP2).
A reach period followed when the animal had to achieve the memorized target location in complete darkness.
The temporal structure in both expected and unexpected trials was as follows (see Fig. 2 for a schematic illustration of the applied procedure): First reach period.
First, species and age effect were tested for by using the scores obtained from the difference between (i) expected and unexpected trials within the first reach period (RP1); (ii) expected and unexpected trials within the second reach period (RP2), both for shape and color conditions.
Intermediate period After the first reach period was over, the sliding door was closed and the horizontal sliding door was simultaneously opened so that the "missing" reward (in the unexpected trials) fell near the front corners of the box.
Regarding (a), an analysis on the whole sample revealed that during the first reach period (RP1), the priming group reached significantly more often and for longer time during unexpected compared with expected trials (Wilcoxon signed rank test: frequency, T+ = 8.5, N = 12, P = 0.005; duration, T+ = 11, N = 12, P = 0.013; Fig. 3).
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"This represents more than anything the ability of the Jewish people to survive despite everything from horrible periods, black days, to reach periods of hope and belief in the future," the colonel said.
If apes individuate object according to shape, two patterns would be expected: (a) in the first reaching period (RP1), subject should search more often and longer in the unexpected than in the expected trials.
Of note, the period increase in response to elevating Meth concentrations did not halt in the circadian range, rather, oscillations continued to lengthen with individual animals reaching periods of 100 hr or more.
Thus, differences in performance across both reaching periods (RP1 and RP2) was analyzed for this sub-sample only (the same sub-sample analysis has been previously described elsewhere; see Mendes et al. 2008).
The main analyses tested the effect of the priming phase on the mean frequency and duration of reaches during the first and second reach periods (RP1 and RP2).
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