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The downside to that shift, however, is the concern that putting the premium on "proficient" encourages schools to put their premium only on students who are within reach of proficiency (this has been termed "educational triage"), because that's the progress that's rewarded most--more so than getting kids from way behind to a little bit behind or from proficient to advanced.
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Someone who has spent 30 years meandering through the world can dedicate themselves to new areas of study and within a relatively short span of time can reach levels of proficiency not terribly far off from others who have dedicated their life to the same subject.
But in Japan and Korea, fewer than 10% of students – and in Shanghai-China, fewer than 4% of students – do not reach this level of proficiency.
Rather than pushing less able young people into vocational options at 14, the principle focus of reform for 14 to 19 education should be to ensure that all young people reach a level of proficiency in basic skills by 16 that opens doors to further opportunity rather than condemning them to low status vocational courses.
If teachers are able to foster positive feelings of efficacy, students will persist, will invest more effort, and ultimately reach higher levels of proficiency.
While it's important to make sure all students reach minimum levels of proficiency, what about the need to ensure high-achievers grow to their full potential?
Analysts say the general army and police units, which have been plagued by drug use and poor discipline, have a long way to go to reach similar levels of proficiency.
For example, Gollan et al. (2011) speculated that bilingual processing delays have a larger impact on production than comprehension because production requires more exposures, or more lifetime practice, in order to reach high levels of proficiency.
In 1994, the Board of Education reported that only 52percentt of those in bilingual education reached this level of proficiency after three years.
The non-preferred hand for experimental group subjects also reached a level of proficiency equivalent to the preferred hand for work-related tasks.
Many states claim that 80percentt or more of their students are proficient in reading or math at the same time that the federal assessment shows only a minority of students in those states reaching its standard of proficiency.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com