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Kyrgyzstan, which hopes to join by the end of the year and says it has received promises of $1.2 billion in Russian help, has found the customs union already choking its re-export trade of Chinese goods.
It was the first post-Soviet country to join the WTO and has a robust re-export trade, moving Chinese goods to post-Soviet markets, notably Russia and Kazakhstan.
There is a small amount of light industry tobacco, beverages, canning but the main sources of income are the provisioning of ships and military personnel, tourism, and the re-export trade.
While much of the re-export trade involves innocuous consumer goods such as air-conditioners and tyres, criminal cases in US courts occasionally shine a light on "sanctions busters".
The sudden squeeze on foreign-currency supplies, which also hit Dubai's large and lucrative merchandise re-export trade with Iran, sent Iran's rial, which had held steady against the American dollar for years, into an abrupt 15% plunge late last month.
Gambia's re-export trade accounts for almost 80% of goods exports.
There is a significant re-export trade in organic fruit and vegetables among European countries.
In principle, excluding re-exports from trade statistics altogether is not an unreasonable idea.
See, e. g., Webb-Pomerene Act (Export Trade), 40 Stat.
There is an active export trade in agricultural products.
■ The global sugar export trade is worth $47bn.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com