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Originally, empirical models provide less accuracy compared to ray tracing models, as they only consider the direct path between the transmitter and the receiver.
The ray tracing models potentially represent the most accurate and versatile methods for urban and indoor, multipath propagation characterization or prediction.
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Section 2 presents the ray tracing model.
The calculations were done using a ray tracing model.
We use the ray tracing model to simulate the environments in wireless communication systems.
The ray tracing model of ridge concentrator photovoltaic system was carried out using Trace-Pro simulation.
The measured data have been also exploited to tune some parameters of a 3D ray tracing model.
The algorithm is based on a sequential ray tracing model, which is associated with a conic curves identification method.
Hence a ray tracing model covering absorption within the fibres and losses due to non-ideal internal reflections is employed.
Compared to the COST 231 models, which have a standard deviation between and dB, the calibrated ray tracing model achieves a smaller standard deviation of dB.
The performance of the calibrated ray tracing model and the sensitivity of the calibration to the number of pilot measurements have been investigated.
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