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For segmented reflectors, a method is presented to rapidly determine the segment with which the incident ray strikes.
However, some ground-based telescopes can observe the Cherenkov radiation produced when a gamma ray strikes Earth's upper atmosphere.
This happens when an X-ray or gamma ray strikes an electron, sending both careering off in different directions, like snooker balls.
When an ultra-high energy cosmic ray strikes the atmosphere, it creates a cascade of charged particles and light called an extensive air shower.
When such a ray strikes the atmosphere, for example, it triggers an avalanche of charged particles that physicists can spot with particle detectors spread on the ground, enabling them to estimate the direction and energy of the original ray.
In theory, neutrinos should be produced wherever nuclear reactions take place: in the Sun, in stars and supernovae, and whenever an incoming high-energy cosmic ray strikes a particle from Earth's atmosphere.
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When an X-ray beam strikes a crystal, a portion of this beam is scattered by the layer of atoms at the surface.
On the other hand, a cosmic ray strike on the detector has an instantaneous rise and a decay constant was determined only by the instrumentation electronics.
For example, a light ray striking the surface of the water at a 45 degree angle from the right bends farther downward into the water and continues to travel down and to the left.
In 1992, Russian physicist Alexandr Gurevich of the Lebedev Physical Institute in Moscow suggested that the high-energy particles produced by a cosmic ray strike ionize the air in thunderclouds, creating a region with a lot of free electrons.
He carefully removed the hook and was about to toss the ray overboard when someone on deck hollered: "Swordfish!" Stoddard turned just briefly and the ray struck with its razor-sharp barb.
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