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Taking an environmental life cycle perspective, new materials typically cause increased burdens from raw materials provision that need to be compensated by energy savings from the vehicles use phase.
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For the evaluation of the raw material provision functions, the definition of the criteria for soil-originated raw material needs to be established.
Biomass production and raw material provision are the two soil functions with material end products which are directly used by humans.
Raw material provision capacity of soils was assessed on the basis of (i) organic carbon content and (ii) availability of soil materials for construction.
In the latter context, the role of forests in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation as well as raw material provision has become increasingly important through the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC).
The authors focus on lithic raw material provisioning as a window into changing human-landscape relationships.
Finally, comparing technological data with raw material provisioning strategies and elements of faunal exploitation, such as prey availability, provides insights concerning the interpretation of Mousterian variability and the investigation of changing patterns of Neandertal landscape use.
In combination with evidence that different classes of artifacts were discarded at different rates, these results suggest that land use and raw material provisioning in the later Middle Pleistocene were organized differently than they were among later populations of Neanderthals and modern humans.
For the raw material provisioning service, no validation datasets are available, therefore no similar validation was performed for this model.
Raw material provisioning of the mapping units was calculated on the basis of the proportional shares of the STUs with raw material content in the area of each mapping unit.
Although soil parent material is usually considered as part of the pedon (e.g., soil taxonomy), in the raw material provisioning soil service, only soil layers above the parent material are considered.
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