Exact(24)
However, the significant raw difference between different performances (or scores) can be diminished by comparison against control performance (or score) and vice versa.
The raw difference tells a slightly different story, Democrats started with 23,551 more ballot requests over 2010, compared with 18,389 for the Republicans.
However, when the variances of one group of informants are much larger than the variances of the other group of informants, the raw difference scores and the standardized difference scores will yield maximally different findings when discrepancies are related to other variables of interest.
The first row reports the raw difference of 22 per cent without any controls.
The "raw" difference in wages is 19% for men and 26% for women.
Our results show that the raw difference in literacy scores between permanent and temporary workers, column [1], disappears once we control for all available covariates.
Similar(36)
Therefore, we compare the raw differences in mean course grades for participating and non-participating students in our data to the differences reported in prior studies.
As seen, the raw differences between stayers and leavers from large metros are small and insignificant for employment probabilities, annual wages, and occupational education levels.
According to these raw differences, stayers perform significantly worse than leavers in all five of the employment outcomes that we study.
Before proceeding to the DD results, it is first informative to simply compare raw differences in means between recent graduate stayers and leavers from large metropolitan areas.
As regards the adjustment by reducing nonlabour costs, the probit estimation confirms the raw differences in the means obtained in the descriptive analysis, suggesting that nonwage costs are likely to be the immediate reaction to a negative shock if the shock is small (last two columns of Table 14).
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