One-dimensional (1D) semiconductor nanowires (NWs) have attracted much attention due to their high surface-to-volume ratio, quantum confinement effect, and high crystal quality.
Due to their size (<25 nm), large surface to mass ratio, quantum properties, catalytic activity and high reactivity, platinum nanoparticles (NP-Pt) have unique physicochemical properties and can exert specific effects on a living organism.
First, it does not involve a "classical limit," but a series of limits of the ratio of quantum observables involving Planck's constant and other physical observables going to zero (e.g., relevant classical and quantum actions), or limits involving the separation of nuclear and electronic frames of motion (in the case of chemistry) among others.
Receiver performance: Q factor, bit-error ratio, sensitivity, quantum limit.
Accordingly, an estimation for ratio of quantum fracture step to maximum void's size is given to describe the relationship between design strength fd and the fracture roughness.
Nanoparticles have unique physiochemical features because of their small size (<100 nm), large surface-to-mass ratio, exceptional quantum characteristics [8], and consequently unique biological properties.
Moreover, they have attracted much attention because of their surface effect (large surface-to-volume ratio) and quantum confinement effects (size-dependent properties).
In particular, one-dimensional (1D) ZnO nanostructures such as nanowires and nanorods have exhibited many advantages including large surface to volume ratio, high quantum efficiency, and direct pathway of charge transport [7, 8].
Physical properties of one-dimensional (1D) materials are quite different from those of bulk materials because of their distinct features such as high surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effect [1 3].
Recently, ZnO nanostructures have been used to produce short-wavelength optoelectronic devices due to their ideal optoelectronic, physical, and chemical properties that arise from a high surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effect [6 8].
Interestingly, owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio and quantum confinement effect, one-dimensional (1-D) semiconductive nanostructures exhibit unique optical, electronic, and transport properties, which are widely applied in photoconductors [7], electron field emitters [8], and dye-sensitized solar cells [9].
