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Therefore, unless the directors could assert the affirmative defense of stockholder ratification, the decision would be subject to "entire fairness" review and the directors would have the burden of establishing that the transaction was the product of both fair dealing and fair price.
Ratification analyzes decision instability but is not a complete response to it.
Points about ratification in decision problems clarify points about equilibrium in game theory because in games of strategy a player's choice often furnishes evidence about other players' choices.
Salaita's supporters see that as a transparent pretense, since the trustees' vote is typically a pro-forma ratification of decisions that university departments and administrators already have made.
As a result of judicial decisions and Congressional ratification of these decisions over the past century, however, it has evolved into something quite different - a distant cousin of the great writ as it was known in England.
The board of governors unilaterally changed the admissions policy without soliciting the opinions of the members or obtaining formal ratification of the decision from the membership in advance.
The ratification of the decision to drop the controversial award of double points at the final race of the season was expected.
Ratification of the decision by Congress came through the customary notification that it makes to the President, that it is in session and available to receive messages.
In cases where CUP has original jurisdiction, the proposal shall be referred to FPC for ratification of the decisions made by CUP and CoC.
Mr. Bernanke has tried to inject new life into the meetings, which became a formality under his predecessor, Alan Greenspan, who wanted little more from the committee than ratification of the decisions he had already reached.
Only after this healing process takes place is there formal ratification of the decisions taken the only action during three hours or so that has the feeling of ordinary political business as we know it".
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com