Direct fuel injection, the most significant refinement, delivers fuel in precise amounts to the combustion chambers rather than to intake ports.
Salt intake greatly impacts cardiovascular disease in the Chinese population, and thus our questionnaire included salt intake rather than vegetable intake as a health behaviour.
Urinary iodine concentrations are highly variable and represent recent intake rather than usual intake.
UICs are highly variable and represent recent intake rather than usual intake.
These correction factors (0.622 in men and 0.542 in women) were used to 'shrink' the differences between each stratum's initial estimated mean and the sex-specific grand mean in order to estimate expected mean usual intakes for each stratum as though they had been created on the basis of usual intakes rather than on intakes observed over just 7 days.
In practical terms, adverse effects are more often observed with inadequate intakes rather than excessive intakes.
Adjustment for overall energy intake means that dietary measures relate to dietary composition rather than absolute intake (Willett, 1998).
Overall, data obtained from well-controlled studies in pigs or rodents, and epidemiological studies in humans, suggest that it is the association between fructose and other components in the diet, such as fat, cholesterol, and other dietary sugars, as well as total caloric intake coming from dietary sugars, responsible for the metabolic effects and weight gain, rather than fructose intake per se.
Rather than university intake necessarily having to reflect society as suggested by Simon Hughes (Universities must cut private school intake, 8 January), the universities' mission is to take the best from society and help them develop them into critically thinking, challenging and competent members of that society for the greater good of all.
For example, in an isocaloric diet, fructose rather than glucose intake was associated with an increase in visceral adipose tissue in humans [ 14] while fructose intake in mice induces visceral and perivascular adipose tissue dysfunction [ 15, 16].
