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A theory has circulated that blood doping could account for the minute traces if the clenbuterol was introduced through a transfusion of already contaminated blood, rather than ingestion or injection.
The enrichment of the α-HBCD enantiomer in humans appears to be due to in vivo enantioselective metabolism/excretion rather than ingestion of dust or diet.
Another issue is that a fraction of urinary metabolites might reflect direct exposure through ingestion of preformed metabolites from food and other sources, rather than ingestion of the toxic parent compound.
Since dopamine regulates octopamine signaling in response to tactile perception of food rather than ingestion of food, if dopamine plays a role in lifespan regulation, it would be because of its involvement in food perception.
Exposure to As is associated with an increased risk of lung disease, which may make it a unique toxicant, because lung toxicity is usually associated with inhalation rather than ingestion.
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Moreover, the elevated levels of the non-conjugated TIQfree derivatives in urine give evidence for endogenous synthesis rather than oral ingestion, because ingested TIQfree derivatives will be rapidly inactivated by gluco- or sulfo-conjugation preventing elevated levels of non-conjugated TIQfree derivatives in urine [ 28].
It is interesting to notice that the three patients identified with bTB had pulmonary disease and it raises the question if transmission by aerosol rather than by ingestion of contaminated food products were the causes of infection.
In contrast to the findings from the rural agricultural areas, two studies conducted relatively recently in urban areas of Sri Lanka [ 13, 26] have reported a higher rate of non-fatal self-poisoning for females, and in one study the most common substance used for non-fatal self-poisoning was pharmaceutical drug overdose rather than pesticide ingestion [ 26].
Lymnaea feeding is characterized by rasps [21], rather than by separate ingestion and rejection feeding responses.
Rather than inferring the ingestion of food by measuring a behavioral change (e.g., pumping), alternative methods to estimate food intake quantify the ingestion of labeled bacteria or microbeads.
A high fructose intake rather than glucose [ 62], and ingestion of high concentrations of plasma branched-chain amino acids [ 63], and saturated fatty acids rather than polyunsaturated fatty acids [ 64] are independent risk factors for developing insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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