We use income rather than consumption expenditure in the denominator.
Mara Balestrini, partner at Ideas for Change, says city councils should see it as "investment rather than expenditure: I'm sure it would cost them a lot more to solve public transport issues by themselves".
For many providers and fund-holders, the current operating environment is characterised by fiscal restraint rather than expenditure growth; with budgetary pressure arising out of the current economic climate rather than by artifice or design.
However, it tends to be concerned with the flow of funds on the macro-scale (global or regional) and examines funding rather than expenditure (e.g., Foster, 2005; Kelly et al., 2006; Kelly & Birdsall, 2008; UNAIDS, 2009).
But prosecutors contended that although their case was about taxes and not parenting, the money Mr. Pirro spent to defend himself against the paternity charge was part of the $1 million that they asserted he illegally deducted on his tax returns as personal expenses rather than business expenditures.
Currency manipulation is probably the only subsidy that is affordable over prolonged periods of time (and even then problematic in the end), as it involves buying foreign assets and debt, thus accumulating wealth rather than just expenditures.
There is a definition of a national – rather than regional – expenditures target and decisions concerning hospital planning and investment are made at the central – rather than local – level.
Secondly, diet cost used as an indicator of monetary value of the diet was based on retail food prices rather than actual expenditures made by the study sample.
Well, what else might be correlated with a college's wine budget...Update: Many readers have pointed out that this chart does not take into account the size of the college, and have asked whether the correlation holds when per-capita expenditure on wine, rather than total expenditure, is compared with performance.
Long term health care expenditures, rather than health care expenditures related to acute care episode only, should be considered in budget planning or priority setting in, for example, traffic injury prevention programs.
