Karl von Raumer (1783 1865), from 1811 Professor of 'Mineralogy' at the University of Breslau (now Wroclaw in Poland), served as a staff officer in Prussia's 1813 14 war of independence from Napoleonic domination, but was used to communicate dispatches rather than appraise geology.
Compared to existing instruments for observing non-technical skills, 3 15 30 the EPOC is distinctive as it quantifies general verbal behaviours rather than appraising context-specific behavioural markers that require clinical expertise.
Furthermore, shareholders can request to receive the "fair value" of their shares as appraised by the Chancery Court rather than the merger consideration (appraisal, cf. DGCL 262).
Rather than constantly seeing ourselves as cognitively appraising individuals, we should consider ourselves as social intuitionists.
Agent-relativism is a substantive view about what kinds of reasons people have, and is distinct from the semantic thesis of appraiser-relativism. Appraiser-relativism involves a relativization to the person appraising an action, rather than a relativization to the agent who might perform the action.
Thus, it may be more appropriate for busy front-line clinicians to be monitored on their use of evidence summaries rather than their frequency of searching and appraising primary research [ 30].
In order to make the task manageable in the time available, we searched for, retrieved and rapidly appraised systematic reviews (rather than original publications) sourced from the most common electronic databases (including Medline, EMBASE, Psychlit, PsychINFO, Cochrane Library, CINAHL, Web of Science and British Nursing Index) up to the end of 2009.
We therefore followed the methodology recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration for preparing "overviews of review" rather than following the steps involved in critically appraising the primary studies for a systematic review (SR) [ 14].
Cognitive psychology research shows that one of the most effective methods for reducing stress is to engage in self-reflection directed toward appraising it as a challenge rather than a threat.
A stressor appraised as benign or beneficial, rather than threatening, generally produces no stress response.
