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In Hawkes's vision the "individual" (from the Latin individuus, meaning indivisible) is not unique but rather soluble or dispersed.
Uranium-thorium dating is commonly used to determine the age of calcium carbonate materials such as speleothem or coral, because while uranium is rather soluble in water, thorium and protactinium are not, and so they are selectively precipitated into ocean-floor sediments, from which their ratios are measured.
Arsenic is a rather soluble trace element and has a much higher propensity to partition into the soil interstitial water relative to soil solids as compared to most other trace elements.
To conclude that it is PGRP-SA binding to the outer layers of the peptidoglycan rather soluble circulating peptidoglycan fragments that are important for innate immune detection by PGRP-SA, the authors should perform a series of experiments: First, the authors should functionally complement PGRP-SA null flies with atl mutant strain pre-coated with PGRP-SA.
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Screening of these scFvs was more efficient when phage-bound, rather than soluble scFvs, were used.
Cell-cell contact rather than soluble mediators is crucial for mDC TLR2-mediated NK activation in this study.
Cell-cell contact by Pam2Cys peptide-stimulated BMDC and NK cells rather than soluble mediators released by stimulated BMDC induced activation of NK cells.
Mouse B cells, although expressing CX3CR1, did not migrate to CX3CL1, indicating that surface rather than soluble CX3CL1 may be involved in cellular interactions leading to antigen specific IgG production.
Experimental manipulation [14], electrochemical analysis [15], [16] and modeling studies [17] have all suggested that G. sulfurreducens transfers electrons to anodes via bound mediator(s) rather than soluble electron shuttles.
Interestingly, the equilibrium is not reversed toward monomeric Aβ but rather toward soluble amyloid protofibrils.
Interestingly, DENV is approximately 50nm in size so it would be more analogous to a particulate rather than soluble antigen.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com