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Rather, increased expression of several of the transcriptional regulators of biogenesis suggests that there was a clear yet partially effective stimulus for mitochondrial biogenesis.
Moreover, the lack of Smad3 in knockout mice did not result in reduced, but rather increased expression of Foxp3 mRNA and elevated numbers of Foxp3+ cells in the skin during the CHS response.
Immunodetection of β1 and β3 subunits after Endo H digestion showed that the more intense reaction with GNA in Rapa- and Rapa/CsA-treated leukocytes was not the result of changed oligomannose/hybrid glycosylation on these proteins, but rather increased expression of the integrins.
37 Although Smad3 has recently been implicated as an important enhancer of Foxp3 expression, 38 in our study the lack of Smad3 in knockout mice did not result in reduced, but rather increased expression of Foxp3 mRNA and elevated numbers of Foxp3+ cells in the skin during the CHS response to oxazolone.
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Rather, increased expression and density of LTCCs on the plasma membrane may underlie the age-related increase in L-type Ca2+ channel activity in CA1 pyramidal neurons.
However, in contrast with the original report of this model, we found that elastase/LPS treatment followed by RV infection led to reduced rather than increased lung virus loads compared with non-COPD mice infected with RV, reduced rather than increased expression of TNF-α and no difference in MUC5AC mRNA levels in lung tissue compared with PBS + RV-treated mice (Supplementary Figures S1f and S1g).
Interestingly, we found that, early during chemotherapy, decreased expression of cell cycle inhibitors rather than increased expression of positive regulators of cell cycle (e.g., Ki-67 [ 18]) was associated with poor response.
These findings suggest that the COX-2 promoter DNA is methylated in F-IPFs as a result of increased recruitment of Dnmts to the COX-2 promoter rather than increased expression of Dnmt proteins.
We hypothesise that our findings concerning decreased (rather than increased) expression of membranous CD166, CD44s, and EpCAM and their association with features of tumour progression are in large part a result of their cell adhesion function.
In conclusion, our results indicate for the first time that decreased expression of HYAL1 rather than increased expression of HAS1 3 correlates with the accumulation of hyaluronan in serous ovarian cancer, and provides new insight in the role of hyaluronidases in human cancer in vivo.
For instance, recent studies have shown that decreased rather than increased expression of ALDH1 is linked to poor prognosis (Koukourakis et al, 2012), while CD44 is expressed in normal head and neck squamous epithelium at an equivalent level to that detected in HNSCC (Chen et al, 2011).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com