These studies were oriented toward psychological and physiological questions rather than ecological or evolutionary ones.
Although the Biblical text refers to sexual rather than ecological transgressions, he went on to quote God's threatened punishments for defiling the land.
In 2014, Mother Jones published a drought-shaming piece entitled "Lay Off the Almond Milk, You Ignorant Hipsters," reminding readers of the "rather intense ecological footprint" (more than a gallon of water per almond) involved in raising the nuts.
The satoyama concept is characterized by multi-functionality, in which social and economic dimensions rather than ecological dimensions, dominate.
"They have been buffeted by political interference and have seen levels of protection and regulation decided on the basis of political considerations rather than ecological evidence and the law".
Existing quantitative models of bioirrigation rely primarily on chemical, rather than ecological, information and the depth-dependence of bioirrigation intensity is either imposed or constrained through a data fitting procedure.
Rather than ecological concepts on equilibrium or non-equilibrium dynamics, concepts like risk aversion, diversification, management adaptability, resilience, robustness and sustainability (Accatino et al. 2014; Quaas et al. 2007; Robinson et al. 2015) might be more relevant in these de facto managed systems.
For some coral groups, shallow water populations are considered to have arisen from deep water descendants [50] but this has occurred over evolutionary rather than ecological timescales.
The difficulty arises from the difference between bacteriophage parasites and predators discussed above – bacteriophage diets are determined genetically and approach optimality over an evolutionary rather than ecological timescale.
In particular, the coexistence of multiple species under the fluctuated environment has been frequently investigated for rather simple ecological situations, in which the species and the environmental factors involved in the systems are identified [9], [10], [11].
