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The etch rates were measured using focused ion beam in order to ensure the accuracy of measurement.
Dissolution profiles and their associated dissolution rates were measured using vertical scanning interferometry (VSI).
Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium (through a rubidium analog) uptake rates were measured using natural isotope or radioisotope root bioassays.
Experiments were conducted in a room-scale chamber by injecting nano-particle aggregates, and the deposition rates were measured using a specially designed sequential sampler.
Ruminal pH was measured continuously for 72 h, and the in vivo VFA absorption and passage rates were measured using Co-EDTA and n-valeric acid as markers.
Next, the RCC4-EV and RCC4-VHL cell proliferation rates were measured using an assay based on reduction of the tetrazolium compound [3- 4,5-dimethyl-2-yl -5- 3-carboxymethoxyphenyl -2- 4-sulfophenyl -2H-tetrazolium, inner salt; MTS] (Fig. 2c).
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The depth profiles of Cu in Ag with different deposition rates are measured using XPS.
The stress-strain relations of Steel 1018 at high strain rates are measured using the Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar.
At regular intervals of time, rheological behavior at different shear rates was measured using Physica Rheolab MC1.
Relative flow rates are measured using Leu-enkephalin and Met-enkephalin as internal standards (1.0 μM) as described elsewhere.
Variability in rates was measured using the I index, calculated based on χ differences between individual sample rates and the overall rate weighted by inverse variances.
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