The binomial-proportion estimates, sample sizes, observed success rates, null-hypothesis confidence limits, and calculated P values for each test scenario are given in the main text.
All 4 methods (IC, M Π*, M σ*, B1) use an equal rates Markov (ERM) model of clade growth [ 154] to test how well a tree fits to the equal-rates null hypothesis.
For the Acacia thrips, we were unable to reject the fixed-rate null model.
Drosophila sechellia and the only other endemic species analyzed, D. grimshawi (with also a very restricted distribution), presented very different patterns of gene turnover: the estimates for D. sechellia indicated markedly high δ rates and null (or close to null) β rates, whereas D. grimshawi had less dramatic δ estimates, with β being very similar to δ.
Recurrence rates were null after discharge and at follow-up at 6, 26 and 52 weeks.
To confirm the results of our automated transposon insertion analysis pipeline, we constructed and measured the growth rates of null mutants of lyrA (significantly overrepresented at 43°C) and mprF (significantly depleted at 43°C).
Before proceeding with models that explicitly test for the presence of selection on synonymous codons, we first tested for variability in synonymous substitution rates (the null condition being that all sites have comparable rates, with none more conserved or more diversified than others).
Therefore, the design parameters p0 (response rate in null hypothesis) and p1 (response rate in alternative hypothesis) selected were 0.50 and 0.70, respectively.
In the TVR trial also, the highest SVR rate occurred in prior relapsers, a lower rate in partial responders, and the lowest rate in null responders (defined as patients who had <2 log10 decline in HCV RNA at week 12 of prior treatment) (Table 3 and Fig. 6).
The hypothesis is supported by the fact that the diversification model that best approximates our data is the pure birth model, where the speciation rate is constant and the extinction rate is null.
33 The CTC lifespan was estimated at 58 days; obtaining an experimental estimate of CTC lifespan is difficult, because of the high rate of null counts and the time-varying production rate, scientific literature on this topic is conflicting.
