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The great difference in the quench rates needed for arriving at the amorphous solid state (the quench rates here differ by a factor of 3 × 1010) is a dramatic demonstration of the difference in the glass-forming tendency of silicate glasses (very high) and metallic glasses (very low).
The modeled data sensors were used to calculate lapse rates needed for estimating surface temperature from 17 individual locations.
They would also be totally unusable, because at the frame rates needed for VR, such displays would burn through 50-100 GBs of data per second.
The spiral design provides the best thermal performance, but requires high pumping pressure (>100 kPa) at the flow rates needed for adequate cooling (>30 mL min−1).
Mortality models are usually based on the self-thinning line as the upper threshold (stand level) or on minimum (threshold) growth rates needed for individual tree survival (individual tree level).
Velodyne has a new LiDAR sensor design that could help bring an autonomous-driving future closer than ever; it's a small, solid-sate design that has a cost of less than $50 per system (when purchased at the kind of high-volume rates needed for mass manufacturing).
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Although that is lower than in most rich countries, it is about the rate needed for herd immunity.
That is below the rate needed for the natural replacement of the population, making Singapore increasingly dependent on foreign labor and raising the specter of an aging population and higher social welfare costs.
One striking finding from the report is that the gap between legal minimum wages (the legal minimum a person can be paid) and minimum estimates for living wages (the minimum pay rate needed for a person to lead a decent life) tended to be "even larger in Europe's cheap labour countries than in Asia".
For a given code rate and OW/RF signal-to-noise ratios, the minimum RF data rate needed for the convergence of the decoder algorithm is obtained.
Antifreeze solutions such as propylene glycol used in GHEs operating below freezing conditions for heating dominated buildings increase the fluid viscosity and the flow rate needed for turbulence in coaxial GHEs.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com