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This study investigates the effects of noise and whole-body vibration on saliva cortisol levels and subjectively rated difficulty and stress while performing cognitive tasks.
Respondents rated difficulty on an ordinal scale of 0 ('no more difficulty than most men/women of the same age') to 4 ('frequently unable to do the activity').
Participants rated difficulty obtaining medications and difficulty paying for medications on a scale from 1 to 5. For analysis, these difficulty levels were then combined into three categories: not difficult, neutral and difficult.
The median visual analogue scale rated difficulty in breathing was 1.85/10 (range 0 7.2/10) for the BVM compared to 1.1/10 (range 0 5.9/10) for the NRM (p=0.041, Wilcoxon signed-rank test).
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Only 23% rated difficulties associated with the licensing system for younger drivers as an important reason, and only 21% rated not desiring a license with special restrictions for younger drivers as important.
Mountain climbs are rated for difficulty -- average steepness and length of the ascent -- from 1 to 4, with 1 being the hardest.
In Experiment 3, participants could choose different strategies for different items and rated the difficulty of each item.
These participants also rated the difficulty of the task.
The behavioural data revealed that musicians performed better than non-musicians in the WM tasks, although the two groups rated the difficulty level of the tasks similarly.
Overall 37% of the sample rated the difficulty of the valuation exercises as 'difficult' or 'very difficult'.
Finally, in section 3, subjects rated the difficulty of each task relative to the other tasks on a continuum from 1 to 5 (1 = easiest, 5 = hardest).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com