Because the maximum wave propagation speed is very close to the driving speed of trains, improving the utilization rate of wave speed for existing railways is imperative.
To describe correctly the energy balance of the considered dynamical processes, we used analytical relations between the rate of wave energy dissipation and wave acceleration for nonzero vertical gradients of the mean wind.
The rate of wave attenuation, analysed in terms of the forces exerted on single tree models, was found to be governed by the observed wave evolution modes, generally classified as non-breaking and breaking conditions.
Such a high rate of wave attenuation in case of breaking waves results also from the fact that the measurements of the forces exerted on single tree models were always performed over the entire considered forest width (see exemplary the configuration of the force transducers for single tree models in Figs. 10 and 11).
In the linear analysis, the dispersion relation is obtained, and the dependence of damping rate of the waves on the carrier wave number (k), the dust kinematic viscosity coefficient (eta _{d}) and the ratio of the ions to the electrons temperatures (sigma _{i}) is discussed.
The plasma dielectric tensors and the dispersion relations which describe E and H waves and, hence, the damping rate of these waves are calculated and studied.
The relationship between cliff-foot debris occurrence and platform development and morphology was inconsistent because of the negative feedback relationship between erosion rates, surface gradients, and rates of wave attenuation.
The rates of wave-like processes differed between the states 'with wasp' and 'without wasp' (Chi-square test, P<0.001, f = 49); here, the proportions of the occurrences of waves varied regarding both states from one wave strength category to the other.
The analysis shows that temperature anisotropy, increases in number density and energy density increases the growth rate of whistler waves along with significant shift in wave number.
Another interesting feature is the decay rate of coda waves that comprise S to S back-scattering waves generated by heterogeneities in the lithosphere, termed coda Q.
