Sentence examples for rate of trait from inspiring English sources

The parameter δ estimates whether the rate of trait evolution has accelerated or slowed over time as one moves from the root to the tips of the tree.

There must be additive genetic variance present in the population for any evolution to occur, but whether that variance is distributed across a few or many genes is important to the rate of trait evolution and population recovery because the average contribution of each gene is inversely proportional to the size of the network in which it is a player.

There are very few studies investigating the rate of trait evolution through time [ 33, 85- 88] and none of the New Caledonian studies have addressed this critical issue.

A major restriction of the BM and the OU models, noted in, for example, Harmon et al. (2010), is the assumption of a constant rate of trait variation throughout the underlying phylogeny.

Trait differentiation, regardless of whether they were plotted against polder age or habitat age, showed a linear increase of differentiation with time, corresponding to a mean rate of trait evolution of 15 31 kilodarwin.

The rate of trait evolution along the branches of the phylogenetic tree will be increasingly faster with the increase of α, as compared with the basic Brownian process (Butler and King 2004; Gonzalez-Voyer and Kolm 2011).

Values of κ<1 indicate increased rates of trait evolution in short branches, while values of κ>1 indicate that longer branches contribute more to trait evolution.

Here, I have considered only a single trait and ignored pleiotropic effects, which are well-known to influence rates of trait evolution [47]; future work should investigate the intersection of networks and pleiotropy.

The tests for the parameter κ revealed that 13 characters indicated increased rates of trait evolution in short branches (0.21<κ<0.54; P<0.05), but three others (length of setae on Ant.III, number of setae on ML, and number of setae on Ant.III) were rejected by null hypothesis when κ = 1 (0.88<κ<0.98; P>0.05), which mean that these showed a relatively gradual pace.

Finally, participants' rating of trait intensity was significantly different for different traits [trait × stimulus trait intensity interaction: F(12, 108) = 10.10, p <.001, ηp =.53].

Hummingbird-pollinated species showed a lower strength of selection and higher rates of trait change than species with a bee pollination syndrome (parameters in Fig.  2b), suggesting that hummingbirds might interact with a wider range of flower shapes than bees.