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This latter effect should be highly effective in reducing the rate of selection of heartworms with genes that confer resistance to macrocyclic lactone preventives and microfilaricides.
Many biologists are skeptical of group-level selection, saying it could be effective only in cases where there is intense warfare between groups, a reduced rate of selection on individuals, and little interchange of genes between groups.
Therefore, the rate of selection of ASO as a treatment option has decreased among orthodontists.
Chemically modified nucleotides provide several advantages, such as enhanced nuclease resistance, an improved binding affinity, increased oligonucleotide pool diversity and improved success rate of selection.
Assuming that the effects of noise on the logarithmic data are normally distributed, the false-positive rate of selection is estimated to be 0.27% in the subject genes.
The minimal model dynamics depends on mutation rate, sequence length, strength and flip rate of selection, and population size.
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Thus, the observed clustering of positively selected sites cannot be explained by different rates of selection in different secondary structures.
This type of analysis has considerable potential for accelerating future rates of selection gain.
To observe rates of selection of mutations in animals at all disease stages we also generated cohorts sacrificed at days 9, 14, 28, 56, 84, and 128 post-infection and harvested spleens (Supplementary Table 1).
In addition, both regimens had similar low rates of selection of new ARV resistance mutations [18] [21].
Positive rates of selection were observed at three sites across Brassicacae.
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