The rate of mind-wandering is lower for more enjoyable activities, but when people wander they are just as likely to wander toward negative thoughts".
Thus, not only do students routinely report mind-wandering during lectures and while studying, but higher rates of mind-wandering are negatively related with scores on later tests of learning and comprehension.
It was found that rates of mind-wandering and external distraction were positively correlated (see also Unsworth, Brewer, et al., 2012; Unsworth, McMillan, et al., 2012) but the correlation did not approach 1.0.
Specifically, higher rates of mind-wandering while studying a political science text were related with lower scores on a subsequent test of the material (Robison & Unsworth, 2015; Unsworth & McMillan, 2013).
Typically rates of mind-wandering correlate with task performance such that performance is lower when participants report mind-wandering on the preceding trial compared to when participants report that they are focused on the current task (McVay & Kane, 2010; Smallwood & Schooler, 2006).
To compare firing rates during changes of mind with firing rates on other trials, we had to choose a comparison population of trials and a matched window of time (since firing rates were not perfectly stable over the delay).
With the reduction of refusal rate in mind, we determined the reasons for test refusal among the respondents.
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Thus, one main goal was to examine rates of both mind-wandering and external distraction both in classes (during lectures) and while studying.
For trials in which a change of mind was induced by a changing barrier, there was no systematic difference in firing rates relative to non-change-of-mind trials; units had higher-than-average and lower-than average firing rates with similar frequencies (30% were higher, 26% lower, 44% in the normal range; p = 0.16 pooled over datasets).
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