Sentence examples for rate of leptin from inspiring English sources
Next, to identify the evolutionary rate of leptin to be a result of neutral evolution or natural selection, the relative rate test was performed.
That is to say, the evolutionary rate of leptin between rabbit and other selected lineages was stable and conformed to the molecular clock model.
Despite the fact that leptin has shown exciting results in the mouse models, the success rate of leptin for the reduction of body weight in humans is very low.
Several factors modulate the transport rate of leptin across the BBB (Table 1).
In vitro studies indicate that insulin and glucocorticoids directly act on AT to upregulate in a synergistic manner leptin mRNA levels (Wabitsch et al., 1996) and rates of leptin secretion in human AT over the long term (Havel, 2001).
While for pika, after diverging with rabbit, the evolutionary rate of pika leptin may be accelerated.
Further support for a role of leptin in autonomic dysfunction derives from the report by Murialdo et al. that bulimia nervosa patients have altered heart rate variability associated with low leptin levels and apparent sympathetic insufficiency [ 31].
The ratio of leptin to BMI (LEP/BMI) was used as an index of leptin resistance.
Because the patient had not experienced any environmental changes that would affect his neurocognitive abilities (i.e., starting school, receiving tutoring) between T1 and T2, we cautiously attribute the increased rate of development to leptin treatment and its subsequent effects on the CNS.
At a stable steady state, obesity and serum leptin levels relate to BBB transport rates and brain levels of leptin.
Leptin receptors have been detected in the heart and endothelium of blood vessels (Bjorbaek and Kahn, 2004), and a strong independent association between circulating leptin and heart rate was observed in heart transplant patients with sympathetic denervation, supporting a direct effect of leptin on heart rate conceivably through cardiac leptin receptors (Winnicki et al., 2001).
